RESEARCH AGENDA
In this page, I will present the most important sources in my Literature Review and Advocacy Essay. For each source there is a citation and an annotation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHICKEN INTELLIGENCE
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Abeyesinghe, S. M., Nicol, C. J., Hartnell, S. J., & Wathes, C. M. (2005). Can domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus, show self-control? Animal Behaviour,70 (1), 1-11.
Can domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus, show self-control? is a research article published online by Silsoe Research Institute written. The author, Siobhan Abeyesinghe, is the Head of RVC Welfare Science and Ethics group. In the article, the author concludes that the domestic chickens showed significant and pronounced self-control, which denies the idea that chickens have no cognitive abilities. The research article used the self-control paradigm as a tool to investigate the cognitive ability of domestic hens to anticipate future outcomes. This source relates to the other Big 3 sources because self control correlates with cognition and ultimately intelligence.
Hazel, Susan J et al. “"Chickens Are a Lot Smarter than I Originally Thought": Changes in Student Attitudes to Chickens Following a Chicken Training Class.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 5,3 821-37. 21 Aug. 2015, doi:10.3390/ani5030386
Chickens Are a Lot Smarter than I Originally Thought": Changes in Student Attitudes to Chickens Following a Chicken Training Class is an article published by Susan Hazel in the MDPI journal. The lead author, Susan Hazel, is senior lecturer in Animal Behaviour, Welfare & Ethics and has published numerous articles on cognition, behavior and welfare. In this article, Susan surveys a class of undergraduate students' attitudes towards chicken’s intelligence before and after the experiment. In the experiment the students clicker trained the chickens and the post survey showed a significant change in attitudes following the class 21.6% to 85.1%. Overall, the source relates to the other Big 3 because it shows chickens show a high degree of intelligence and cognition.
Garnham, Laura, and Hanne Løvlie. “Sophisticated Fowl: The Complex Behaviour and Cognitive Skills of Chickens and Red Junglefowl.” Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 8,1 13. 17 Jan. 2018, doi:10.3390/bs8010013
Sophisticated Fowl: The Complex Behaviour and Cognitive Skills of Chickens and Red Junglefowl is a research article written by Hanne Lovlie. Hanne Lovlie is a professor at Linköping University of animal behavior, personality, and cognition. In this article, Hanne discusses the social behavior and cognitive skills of chickens. According to Hanne, the complex communication system of chickens and fowls demonstrates strong cognitive abilities Although this article focuses more on the social intelligence of chickens, it also relates to the other articles because it shows how domestic chickens are self-aware.
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Knowles, Toby. “The Problem of Broken Bones during the Handling of Laying Hens–a Review.” Poultry Science, vol. 77, no. 12, 1998, pp. 1798–1802., doi:10.1093/ps/77.12.1798.
“The Problem of Broken Bones during the Handling of Laying Hens - A Review” is a Literature Review published by Poultry Science. The author, Toby G Knowles, is a Professor of Farming and Food Science at Bristol University. In the article, Knowles reviews the issue of broken bones prior to chickens being slaughtered. The author claims that the number of broken bones in live birds is “unacceptably high”. In the article, Knowles concludes that the number of broken bones can be reduced if factory farms better designed the housing system and the physical environment. This article relates to my advocacy project because it emphasizes the mistreatment of chickens in factory farms.
Olkowski, Andrzej. “Pathophysiology of Heart Failure in Broiler Chickens: Structural, Biochemical, and Molecular Characteristics.” Poultry Science, vol. 86, no. 5, 2007, pp. 999–1005., doi:10.1093/ps/86.5.999.
“Pathophysiology of Heart Failure in Broiler Chickens: Structural, Biochemical, and Molecular Characteristics” is a research article published by Poultry Science. The author, Andrzej Olkowski, is a Professor of Animal and Poultry Science and is best known for his research on poultry and how they are affected in broilers. In the article, Olkowski discusses the cause of heart failure in broiler chickens. He concludes the fast-growing broilers cause a high risk of heart failure because the growth rate causes the chickens to have smaller structural and functional hearts. This article relates to my advocacy project because the increased growth of chickens is a major issue in factory farming.
Sherlock, L. “The Relationship between Physical Activity and Leg Health in the Broiler Chicken.” British Poultry Science, vol. 51, no. 1, 2010, pp. 22–30., doi:10.1080/00071660903460637. \
“The Relationship between Physical Activity and Leg Health in the Broiler Chicken” is a research article published by the British Poultry Science. The author Sherlock discusses the relationship between physical activity and leg health in the broiler chicken. In the article, he concludes that the increased growth rate that broiler chickens experience leads to significant leg health. This relates to my advocacy project because as previously stated increased growth causes major health issues for chickens in factory farms.
PROBLEM
FACTORY FARMING
SOLUTIONS
“Animals on Factory Farms.” ASPCA, www.aspca.org/animal-cruelty/farm-animal-welfare/animals-factory-farms.
ASPCA or the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is an organization founded 1866, making it the first humane society in North America and one of the largest in the world currently. Their mission was founded on the belief “to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States.” The ASPCA is working on a solution by cooperating with companies that encourage higher-welfare practices. In addition, they propose companies to obtain a certificate that requires adequate space, natural lighting, and the enrichment of birds.
“Take Action for Farm Animals.” Farm Sanctuary, www.farmsanctuary.org/advocacy/.
Established in 1986, Farm Sanctuary is an organization that rescues and advocates for farm animals such as chickens. Their goal is “combat the abuses of factory farming, advocate for institutional reforms, and encourage a new awareness and understanding of farm animals and the benefits of cruelty-free, plant-based living.”One of the major milestones that Farm Sanctuary achieved was the passing of Prop 2 in California on November 2, 2008, which bans confinement systems such as battery cages, veal crates, and gestation crates. Their solution is to oppose factory farming through ballot initiatives, state and federal legislation, litigation, petitions for agency rulemaking, and corporate outreach.
“5 Ways You Can Help Farm Animals.” Animal Welfare Institute, awionline.org/content/5-ways-you-can-help-farm-animals.
AWI or the Animal Welfare Institute is an organization established in 1951 which advocates for alleviating the suffering inflicted on animals by humans. Their mission or goal is to “abolish factory farms, support high-welfare family farms, and achieve humane slaughter for animals raised for food.” In addition, they protect and rescue animals from cruelty and violence in factory farms. In this article, AWI discusses 5 solutions to help farm animals, specifically chickens. These solutions include eating less meat , eating less eggs, shopping for higher-welfare foods, opposing the growth of factory farms, and spreading the word.